Documenting the timing and scale of the Monk Parakeet introduction in Mexico

The pet trade contributes to the movement of exotic species around the world, with great implications for diverse ecosystems. Colonizations by non-native species that perturb native habitats are major consequences of such global trade. The demand for parrots as pets has increased in recent years, resulting in mass importations of certain parrot species, such as the monk parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus). Monk parakeets are abundant in their native South American range, and are relatively affordable for many households. Observations of monk parakeets in Mexico have risen exponentially, culminating in an official declaration of monk parakeets as an invasive species by the Mexican government in 2016. However, previous efforts were not undertaken to determine how the global pet trade, international and national regulations facilitated the introduction of this non-native parrot species in Mexico. Here we present findings based on citizen science reports and the scientific literature, documenting that more than 500,000 monk parakeets were imported to Mexico from 2000-2015, with the majority of imports taking place from 2008 – 2014. 98% of these individuals originated from Uruguay. Observations of monk parakeets in Mexico rose following these importations. By 2015, reports show parakeets present in 97 cities across Mexico. Both the commencement and halting of monk parakeet importations to Mexico coincided with changes in international and national regulations, as well as public health concerns. More studies are necessary to understand how this non-native parrot is colonizing the geographic extent of Mexico.