Current threats faced by Neotropical parrot populations

Current threats faced by Neotropical parrot populations

BERKUNSKY, Igor; QUILLFELDT, Petra; BRIGHTSMITH, Donald; MASELLO, Juan; ABBUD, M.C.; AGUILAR, J.M.R.E.; ALEMÁN-ZELAYA, U.; ARAMBURÚ, R.M.; ARCE ARIAS, A.; BALAS MCNAB, R.; BALSBY, T.J.S.; BARREDO BARBERENA, J.M.; BEISSINGER, S.R.; BENITES DE FRANCO, M.R.; BERG, K.S.; BIANCHI, C.A.; BLANCO, E.; BODRATI, A.; BONILLA-RUZ, C.; BOTERO-DELGADILLO, E.; CANAVELLI, S.B.; CAPARROZ, R.; CEPEDA, R.E.; CHASSOT, O.; CINTA-MAGALLÓN, C.; COCKLE, K.L.; DANIELE, G.; DE ARAUJO, C.B.; DE BARBOSA, A.E.; DE MOURA, L.N.; DEL CASTILLO, H.; DÍAZ, S.; DÍAZ-LUQUE, J.A; DOUGLAS, L.; FIGUEROA RODRÍGUEZ, A.; GARCÍA-ANLEU, R.A.; GILARDI, J.D.; GRILLI, P.G.; GUIX, J.C.; HERNÁNDEZ, M.; HERNÁNDEZ-MUÑOZ, A.; HIRALDO, F.; HORSTMAN, E.; IBARRA PORTILLO, R.; ISACCH, J.P.; JIMÉNEZ, J.E.; JOYNER, L.; JUAREZ, M.; KACOLIRIS, F.P.; KANAAN, V.T.; KLEMANN-JÚNIOR, L.; LATTA, S.C.; LEE, A.T.K.; LESTERHUIS, A.; LEZAMA-LÓPEZ, M.; LUGARINI, C.; MARATEO, G.; MARINELLI, C.B.; MARTÍNEZ, J.; MCREYNOLDS, M.S.; MEJIA URBINA, C.R.; MONGE-ARIAS, G.; MONTERRUBIO-RICO, T.C.; NUNES, A.P.; NUNES, F.D.P.; OLACIREGUI, C.; ORTEGA-ARGUELLES, J.; PACIFICO, E.; PAGANO, L.; POLITI, N.; PONCE-SANTIZO, G.; PORTILLO REYES, H.O.; PRESTES, N.P.; PRESTI, F.; RENTON, K; REYES-MACEDO, G.; RINGLER, E.; RIVERA, L.; RODRÍGUEZ-FERRARO, A.; ROJAS-VALVERDE, A.M.; ROJAS-LLANOS, R.E.; RUBIO-ROCHA, Y.G.; SAIDENBERG, A.B.S.; SALINAS-MELGOZA, A.; SANZ, V.; SCHAEFER, H.M.; SCHERER-NETO, P.; SEIXAS, G.H.F.; SERAFINI, P.; SILVEIRA, L.F.; SIPINSKI, E.A.B.; SOMENZARI; M.; SUSANIBAR, D.; TELLA, J.L.; TORRES-SOVERO, C.; TROFINO-FALASCO, C.; VARGAS-RODRÍGUEZ, R.; VÁZQUEZ-REYES L.D.
Instituto Multidisciplinario sobre Ecosistemas y Desarrollo Sustentable, CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina | Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Giessen, Germany | Texas A&M University, Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, USA | Sociedade de Pesquisa em Vida Selvagem e Educação Ambiental, Brazil | Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Brazil | Programa Lapa Verde, Centro Científico Tropical, Costa Rica | Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina | Area de Conservación pacífico Central ACOPAC, Programa de Vida Silvestre, Costa Rica | Wildlife Conservation Society, Guatemala | Grupo de Ecología y Conservación de Islas, A.C. (GECI), Mexico | University of California, Berkeley, Department of Environment Science, Policy & Management, Berkeley, USA | Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Peru | Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Peru | Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil | Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Venezuela | Proyecto Selva de Pino Paraná, Argentina | Unidos por las Guacamayas A. C., Mexico | SELVA: Investigación para la conservación en el Neotrópico, Colombia | Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Argentina | University of Brasília, Brazil | Instituto Multidisciplinario sobre Ecosistemas y Desarrollo Sustentable, CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina | Programa Lapa Verde, Centro Científico Tropical, Costa Rica | Unidos por las Guacamayas A. C. Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA-CONICET, Argentina | Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina | Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Brazil | Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Aves Silvestres/ICMBio, Brazil | Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Brazil | Guyra Paraguay, Paraguay | University of Colorado, Department of Integrative Biology, USA | Fundación para la Investigación y Conservación de los Loros en Bolivia Bolivian (CLB), Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia | Birds Caribbean | Fundacion del Rio, Nicaragua | Wildlife Conservation Society, Guatemala | The World Parrot Trust | Cátedra de Ecología General y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Nacional Arturo Jauretche, Argentina | Universitat de Barcelona, Spain | Sociedad Conservacionista Audubon de Venezuela | Universidad de Sancti Spíritus ¨José Martí Pérez¨, Cuba | Estación Biológica de Doñana CSIC, Spain | Fundación Pro-Bosque, Ecuador | Compañeros en Vuelo PIF-SV, El Salvador | Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras-CONICET – Universidad Nacional Mar del Plata, Argentina | Univerity of North Texas, Biological Sciences, USA | Omora Ethnobotanical Park, Universidad de Magallanes, Puerto Williams, Chile | One Earth Conservation, White Plains, NY, USA | Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina | Instituto Espaço Silvestre, Brazil | Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Brazil | National Aviary, Conservation and Field Research, Pittsburgh, PA, USA | University of Cape Town, South Africa | Birdlife International | Paso Pacífico, Nicaragua | Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Aves Silvestres/ICMBio, Brazil | Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina | Instituto Multidisciplinario sobre Ecosistemas y Desarrollo Sustentable, CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina | Universidade de Passo Fundo, Brazil | Biola University, USA | Ministerio del Ambiente y los Recursos Naturales (MARENA), Nicaragua | Programa Lapa Verde, Centro Científico Tropical, Costa Rica | Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Mexico | Fundação Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil | AQUASIS, Brazil | Fundación Botánica y Zoológica de Barranquilla, Colombia | Provita, Venezuela | Estación Biológica de Doñana CSIC, Spain | Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina | CIT Jujuy – CONICET – UNJu, Argentina | Wildlife Conservation Society, Guatemala | INCEBIO, Fundación en Ciecias para el Estudio y Conservación de la Biodiversidad, Honduras | Universidade de Passo Fundo, Brazil | UNESP, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Brazil | Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Estación Biología Chamela, Instituto de Biología, Mexico | Vinculación Interdisciplinaria para el Desarrollo Ambiental y lo Social, Mexico | Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, and University of Vienna, Austria | CIT Jujuy – CONICET – UNJu, Argentina | Depto. de Estudios Ambientales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Caracas, Venezuela | Museo Noel Kempff Mercado, Bolivia | Gobierno Autónomo Departamental de Santa Cruz, Bolivia | Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Mexico | Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo (MZUSP), Brazil | Laboratorio Nacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Mexico | Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Venezuela | University of Freiburg, Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology, Austria | Museu de História Natural Capão da Imbuia, Brazil | Fundação Neotropica do Brasil, Brazil | CEMAVE, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa para a Conservação das Aves Silvestres, Brazil | Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo (MZUSP), Brazil | Sociedade de Pesquisa em Vida Selvagem e Educação Ambiental, Brazil | CEMAVE, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa para a Conservação das Aves Silvestres, Brazil | CORBIDI, Peru | Estación Biológica de Doñana CSIC, Spain | Asociación Fauna Forever, Peru | Instituto Multidisciplinario sobre Ecosistemas y Desarrollo Sustentable, CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina | Universidad de La Serena, Chile | Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Museo de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Mexico | U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Puerto Rican Parrot Recovery Program, Puerto Rico | Echo, Bonaire | Guyra Paraguay, Paraguay
igorberkunsky@yahoo.com.ar
Psittaciformes (parrots, cockatoos) are among the most endangered birds, with 31% of Neotropical species under threat. The drivers of this situation appear to be manifold and mainly of anthropogenic origin. However, this assessment is based on the last extensive consultation about the conservation situation of parrots carried out in the 1990s. Given the rapid development of anthropogenic threats, updated data are needed to strategize conservation actions. Using a population approach, we addressed this need through a wide-ranging consultation involving biologists, wildlife managers, government agencies and non-governmental conservation organizations. We gathered up-to-date information on threats affecting 192 populations of 96 Neotropical parrot species across 21 countries. Moreover, we investigated associations among current threats and population trends. Many populations were affected by multiple threats. Agriculture, capture for the pet trade, and logging each affected >55% of the populations, suggesting a higher degree of risk than previously thought. In contrast to previous studies at the species level, our study showed that the threat most closely associated with decreasing population trends is now capture for the domestic pet trade. Other threats associated with decreasing populations include small-holder farming, rural population pressure, nest destruction by poachers, agro-industry grazing, small-holder grazing, and capture for the international pet trade. Conservation actions have been implemented on <20% of populations. Our results highlight the importance of a population level approach in revealing the extent of threats to wild populations. It is critical to increase the scope of conservation actions to reduce the capture of wild parrots for pets.

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